Glosario de Seguridad Blockchain
Términos clave relacionados con la lista negra de stablecoins, cumplimiento AML y seguridad blockchain.
USDT Blacklist
A list of wallet addresses blocked by Tether on the USDT smart contract. Blacklisted addresses cannot send or receive USDT tokens. Tether uses the addBlackList function to freeze addresses linked to criminal activity, sanctions violations, or law enforcement requests.
USDC Blacklist
A list of wallet addresses blocked by Circle on the USDC smart contract. Similar to USDT blacklisting, Circle can freeze USDC on any address using the Blacklisted event. Unlike USDT, USDC blacklisting happens in a single transaction without a multisig process.
Frozen Wallet
A cryptocurrency wallet whose stablecoin balance has been frozen by the token issuer (Tether or Circle). The tokens remain on the address but cannot be transferred, swapped, or used in any DeFi protocol. Other tokens (ETH, TRX) on the same address are not affected.
OFAC Sanctions
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a U.S. Treasury Department agency that administers economic sanctions. OFAC maintains the SDN (Specially Designated Nationals) list, which includes cryptocurrency wallet addresses. Transacting with OFAC-sanctioned addresses may violate U.S. law.
SDN List (Specially Designated Nationals)
A list maintained by OFAC containing individuals, companies, and cryptocurrency addresses that are subject to U.S. sanctions. Since 2018, OFAC has included specific crypto wallet addresses on the SDN list, making it illegal for U.S. persons to transact with them.
NBCTF (National Bureau for Counter Terror Financing)
Israel's counter-terrorism financing authority that maintains lists of cryptocurrency addresses associated with terrorist organizations. NBCTF designations often target TRON and Ethereum addresses used for fundraising by designated groups.
TRC20
A token standard on the TRON blockchain, similar to Ethereum's ERC20. USDT on TRON uses the TRC20 standard. TRC20 USDT accounts for the majority of global USDT transactions due to lower fees compared to Ethereum.
ERC20
A token standard on the Ethereum blockchain. USDT and USDC on Ethereum use the ERC20 standard. Each ERC20 token contract can implement its own blacklist functionality independently.
Multisig (Multi-Signature)
A security mechanism requiring multiple private key holders to approve a transaction. Tether uses a multisig wallet on TRON to manage USDT blacklist operations. A ban requires submission, multiple confirmations, and final execution — creating a delay that can be detected before the freeze takes effect.
Address Poisoning
A scam technique where attackers send tiny transactions from addresses that look similar to legitimate ones, hoping victims will copy the wrong address when making future transfers. On TRON, this is particularly common with USDT transfers.
Dusting Attack
An attack where tiny amounts of cryptocurrency ("dust") are sent to many wallets to de-anonymize their owners by tracking subsequent transactions. This can also be used to link wallets to sanctioned addresses.
AML Check (Anti-Money Laundering)
A risk assessment process that analyzes a cryptocurrency address for connections to illicit activity, sanctioned entities, mixers, or other high-risk sources. AML checks typically produce a risk score (0-100) and identify the sources of funds.
Risk Score
A numerical value (typically 0-100) assigned to a cryptocurrency address based on its transaction history and connections. Higher scores indicate greater risk of association with illicit activity. Scores above 70 are generally considered critical risk.
Counterparty Monitoring
The practice of tracking wallet addresses that interact with your wallets (counterparties) and receiving alerts when they are banned, sanctioned, or flagged. Level 1 monitors direct counterparties; Level 2 extends to counterparties of counterparties.
Fund Destruction (DestroyBlackFunds)
The permanent burning of frozen stablecoins by the token issuer. After blacklisting an address, Tether or Circle may destroy the frozen tokens, removing them from circulation entirely. This is irreversible.
Cryptocurrency Mixer (Tumbler)
A service that mixes cryptocurrency from multiple users to obscure the origin of funds. OFAC sanctioned Tornado Cash in 2022, and addresses that interact with mixers are often flagged in AML checks. Tether has frozen funds traced through mixers.
Crypto Compliance
The set of processes and procedures that cryptocurrency businesses implement to comply with AML/KYC regulations. This includes screening wallet addresses against blacklists and sanctions lists before accepting deposits or processing withdrawals.
Pre-Ban Alert (Pending Ban)
An early warning notification sent when a USDT blacklist transaction is submitted to the multisig but not yet executed. This gives a window of minutes to hours before the freeze takes effect, allowing counterparties to take protective action.
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